Kripke’s term for an expression that has the same referent in every possibly world. This includes proper names and natural-kinds. Example: “The 44th president of the United States” designates Barack Obama in the actual world, but it does not rigidly designate him because in some possible world John McCain is the 44th President of the [...]
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Trope: An unrepeatable, simple property that stands in contrast with a ‘universal’. Tropes do not exemplify universals like particulars which are complex events, but belong to the subject alone. An example would be the basketball skills of Michael Jordan or Beethoven’s musical talent. It should not be confused with the linguistic speech act that carries [...]
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Modus Tollens: If P, then Q. ¬Q Therefore, ¬P. Literally, ‘the denying mode’. A method of inference in propositional logic. May also be termed ‘denying the consequent’. If Socrates is a God, then he is immortal. Socrates is not immortal. .: Socrates is not a God. In the above sentence- If Socrates is a God, [...]
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Falsification: Karl Popper’s theorized property that demarcates a scientific theory from a non-scientific theory. A scientific theory is open to empirical falsification via Modus Tollens.
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Weak Supervenience: A weakly supervenes on B if and only if necessarily (for any property F in A, if an object x has F, then there exists a property G in B such that x has G), and if any y has G it has F. Strong Supervenience: A strongly supervenes on B just in [...]
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